Presentation on the topic "Dysgraphia" | Presentation for a speech therapy lesson on the topic:

Presentation on the topic “Dysgraphia” presentation for a speech therapy lesson on the topic

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DYGRAPHIA Teacher-speech therapist Alla Grigorievna Gorskaya

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Dysgraphia tends to increase:

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Partial disruption of the writing process, manifested in persistent repeated errors, caused by deviations from the norm in the activity of those analyzers and mental processes that ensure writing. Dysgraphia – (“grapho” - I write, “dis” - disorder)

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The writing process is normally carried out on the basis of a sufficient level of formation of certain speech and non-speech functions: Auditory differentiation of sounds; Correct pronunciation of sounds; Language analysis and synthesis; Visuospatial representations and visual analysis and synthesis; Formed by the lexical and grammatical side of speech (word formation and inflection);

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Non-speech functions Perception (auditory, visual) Memory Attention Thinking Psychomotor Optical-spatial representations Non-verbal intelligence The lack of formation of any of these functions can cause a disruption in the process of mastering writing.

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What reasons lead to writing problems? Damage or underdevelopment of the corresponding parts of the cerebral cortex is most often associated with the pathology of pregnancy or childbirth in the mother. Functional immaturity of parts of the brain may be associated with: - somatic diseases; - a hereditary factor, when the immaturity of brain structures, their qualitative immaturity, is transmitted to the child. — immaturity of higher mental functions.

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Prerequisites for dysgraphia: 1. If the child is left-handed. 2. Two or more languages are spoken in the family. 3. If your child has problems with memory or attention. 4 . If visual-spatial representations and visual analysis and synthesis are unformed. 5. Errors caused by impaired pronunciation, the child writes what he says: leka (river), suba (fur coat). 6. Lack of auditory differentiation of acoustically close sounds: (soft-hard, voiced-dull, whistling-hissing, hooks [R], [L], [Y]) 7. Lack of formation: grammatical systems of word formation and inflection; the simplest types of phonemic analysis of words available to preschool children.

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Types of dysgraphia:

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1. Acoustic form of dysgraphia. The cause of this type is the difficulty of auditory differentiation of speech sounds. Manifests itself in substitutions of letters corresponding to phonetically similar sounds. Moreover, in oral speech these sounds are pronounced correctly.

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The following phonemes are mixed, denoting voiced - voiceless consonants (B-P; V-F; D-T; Zh-Sh, etc.), whistling - hissing (S-Sh; Z-Zh, etc.), Affricates and the components included in their composition (Ch-Sch; Ch-T; C-T; C-S, etc.). Sounds (R – L; y – L) Also manifests itself in the incorrect designation of the softness of consonants in writing: “pismo”, “lubit”, “bolit”, etc.

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Writing sample for acoustic dysgraphia.

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2. Articulatory-acoustic form of dysgraphia. The child writes the way he pronounces it, that is, he reflects his defective pronunciation in writing, relying on incorrect pronunciation. (writes as he pronounces)

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replacement of R-L, S-SH, ZH-Z Rak – varnish with tol – sh tol zhuk – zuk carpet r – kovel s kala – scale leather a – goat Shch-Ch T-Ch puppy - chick tetrad - black dove C-S C-T chick - chick mittens - sleeves P-B donut - puplik ( pub face, face)

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About a writing sample for articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia.

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3. Dysgraphia due to a violation of language analysis and synthesis. The reason for its occurrence is difficulty in dividing sentences into words, words into syllables, sounds.

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Errors in analysis and synthesis 1. Lack of formation in analyzing a sentence into words (writing a whole sentence as one) “flowers” instead of “flowers are on the table” 2. Lack of formation in dividing words into syllables: - omission of syllables (“skein” instead of “hammer”); - adding extra syllables ("hammer") - rearranging syllables ("molotok"); 3. Lack of formation of dividing words into sounds: - omission of vowels (“trctor” - “tractor”) - insertion of extra letters (“stlol” - “table”); - rearrangement of letters (“turba” – “pipe”)

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A sample of writing for dysgraphia due to unformed analysis and synthesis of speech flow.

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4. Optical dysgraphia. It is associated with the child’s difficulty in assimilating visual images of letters, many of which seem the same to him. The roots of these difficulties most often go back to preschool age and are associated with the immaturity of his visual-spatial concepts. P appears in substitutions and distortions of letters in writing.

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Errors most common in writing with optical dysgraphia: Substitution of letters consisting of different numbers of identical elements i-sh; ts-sch; p-t; l-m. Replacement of similar, but differently located elements of letters in space, which ultimately leads to the replacement of these letters themselves; b-d; PC. Omissions, failure to complete elements of letters i-u Mirror image e, z, s, k...

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Writing sample for optical dysgraphia.

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5. Agrammatic dysgraphia. The reason is the immaturity of the grammatical systems of inflection and word formation. This is expressed in incorrect coordination and management. — The child writes ungrammatically, i.e. as if contrary to the rules of grammar (“beautiful bag”, “happy day”). — Agrammatisms in writing are noted at the level of words, phrases, sentences and text.

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Errors: Agrammatic dysgraphia. Difficulties in establishing logical and linguistic connections between sentences; Violation of semantic and grammatical connections between individual sentences; Syntactic violations in the form of omission of significant parts of a sentence; Gross violations of the sequence of words; Inconsistency in gender, number, case (inflection); Replacing singular forms with plural nouns; Replacing endings; Replacement of prefixes, suffixes (word formation).

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Writing sample for agrammatic dysgraphia.

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The basis is the unformedness of not one, but two or several writing operations at once, which significantly complicates the overall picture of writing. Mixed dysgraphia

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Writing sample for mixed dysgraphia.

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Dysgraphia never comes out of nowhere! Work to eliminate dysgraphia should begin not at school, when specific errors in writing are discovered, but in preschool age, long before the child begins to learn to read and write. Children suffering from dysgraphia need special speech therapy help, since specific writing errors cannot be overcome by conventional school methods. It is important to consider that dysgraphia is much easier to prevent than to eliminate.

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END

Speech therapist for schoolchildren

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Parent meeting “What is dysgraphia and how to help a dysgraphic child?”

Prepared by: teacher-speech therapist of MAOU “Gymnasium No. 6” in the city of Gubkin, Belgorod region, Natalya Viktorovna Mashkina.

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As they begin school, some children suddenly develop difficulties with reading and writing. The guys find themselves at odds with the Russian language, although they do well in mathematics and other subjects where, it would seem, more intelligence is required. Sooner or later, such “smart” ones, but lacking speech talent, are sometimes referred to a speech therapist. More often to a psychologist, which is not entirely correct. Dysgraphia is a partial specific writing disorder.

There are five forms of dysgraphia:

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1. Articulatory-acoustic form of dysgraphia.
Its essence is as follows: A child who has a violation of sound pronunciation, relying on his incorrect pronunciation, records it in writing.
In other words, he writes as he pronounces. This means that until the sound pronunciation is corrected, it is impossible to correct writing based on pronunciation. 2. Acoustic form of dysgraphia.
This form of dysgraphia manifests itself in the substitution of letters corresponding to phonetically similar sounds.
At the same time, in oral speech, sounds are pronounced correctly. In writing, letters are most often mixed, indicating voiced - unvoiced (B-P; V-F; D-T; Zh-Sh, etc.), whistling - hissing (S-Sh; Z-Zh, etc.). ), affricates and components included in their composition (CH-SH; CH-TH; C-T; C-S, etc.). It also manifests itself in the incorrect designation of the softness of consonants in writing: “pismo”, “lubit”, “hurt”, etc. 3. Dysgraphia due to a violation of language analysis and synthesis.
This is the most common form of dysgraphia in children suffering from written language disorders. The following errors are most typical for it:

? omissions of letters and syllables;

 rearrangement of letters and (or) syllables;

 underwriting of words;

 writing extra letters in a word (this happens when a child, while pronouncing while writing, “sings the sound” for a very long time;

 repetition of letters and (or) syllables;

 contamination - syllables of different words in one word;

? continuous writing of prepositions, separate writing of prefixes (“on the table”, “on stepped”). 4. Agrammatic dysgraphia.

Associated with underdevelopment of the grammatical structure of speech.
The child writes ungrammatically, i.e. as if contrary to the rules of grammar (“beautiful bag”, “happy day”). Agrammatisms in writing are noted at the level of words, phrases, sentences and text. Agrammatic dysgraphia usually manifests itself from the 3rd grade, when a student who has already mastered literacy “closely” begins to study grammatical rules. And here it suddenly turns out that he cannot master the rules of changing words according to cases, numbers, and gender. This is expressed in incorrect spelling of the endings of words, in the inability to coordinate words with each other. 5. Optical dysgraphia.
Optical dysgraphia is based on insufficient development of visual-spatial concepts and visual analysis and synthesis. All letters of the Russian alphabet consist of a set of the same elements (“sticks”, “ovals”) and several “specific” elements. Identical elements are combined in different ways in space and form different letter signs: i, w, c, sch; b, c, d, y... If a child does not catch the subtle differences between letters, then this will certainly lead to difficulties in mastering the outline of letters and to incorrect representation of them in writing. Errors that are most common in writing: - underwriting of letter elements (due to underestimation of their number): L instead of M; X instead of F, etc.; — adding extra elements; - omissions of elements, especially when connecting letters that include the same element; - mirror writing of letters.

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What you need to pay special attention to:

1. If your child is left-handed. 2. If he is a retrained right-hander. 3. If your child attended a speech therapy group. 4. If the family speaks two or more languages. 5. If your child went to school too early (learning to read and write unjustifiably earlier sometimes provokes the occurrence of dysgraphia and dyslexia.) This happens in cases where the child has not yet reached the psychological readiness for such learning. 6. If your child has problems with memory and attention. 7. Mixing letters by optical similarity: b-p, t-p, a-o, e-z, d-u. 8. Errors caused by impaired pronunciation, the child writes what he says: leka (river), suba (fur coat). 9. With impaired phonemic perception, the vowels o-u, e-yu, consonants r-l, y-l, paired voiced and voiceless consonants, whistling and hissing, sounds ts, ch, shch are mixed. For example: tynya (melon), klyokva (cranberry). 10. Missing letters, syllables, missing words. For example: prta - desk, moko - milk, cheerful (cheerful).

Dear readers, please note! Dysgraphia never comes out of nowhere! Work to eliminate dysgraphia should begin not at school, when specific errors in writing are discovered, but in preschool age, long before the child begins to learn to read and write. Children suffering from dysgraphia need special speech therapy help, since specific writing errors cannot be overcome by conventional school methods. It is important to consider that dysgraphia is much easier to prevent than to eliminate.

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Who can teach a child to read and write?

Mom and dad are unlikely to succeed; they need the help of a specialist - a qualified speech therapist. Classes are conducted according to a specific system: various speech games, a split or magnetic alphabet for adding words, and highlighting the grammatical elements of words are used. The child must learn how certain sounds are pronounced and which letter this sound corresponds to when writing. Typically, a speech therapist resorts to contrasts, “working out” how hard pronunciation differs from soft pronunciation, and dull pronunciation from voiced pronunciation. Training is carried out by repeating words, dictation, selecting words based on given sounds, and analyzing the sound-letter composition of words. It is clear that they use visual material to help remember the shapes of letters: “O” resembles a hoop, “F” - a beetle, “C” - a crescent... Strive to increase the speed of reading and writing.

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Some tips for parents:

1. If a child is assigned to read a text at home or write a lot, then break the text into parts and complete the task in several steps. 2. Do not force your child to rewrite homework many times; this will not only harm the child’s health, but also instill in him insecurity, and also increase the number of mistakes. 3. Praise your child for every success achieved, humiliate him as little as possible.

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A few words about handwriting.

The handwriting of a dysgraphic person is an expression of all his difficulties. As a rule, in a dysgraphic person two types of handwriting stand out quite sharply: one is small, beady and “beautiful”; the other is huge, clumsy, clumsy, “ugly.” So, in this case there is no need to chase beauty, it will come on its own. As experience shows, clumsy and huge letters are precisely what a child should ultimately come to and work on. This handwriting is his real face, the face of an honest first-grader who wants and can learn (our first-grader, by the way, can be 10 or 16 years old, we are talking about the psychological age of learning to write).

So, DOWN with the beaded chain of letters, LONG LIVE the sweeping handwriting, for the entire line, or maybe one and a half!

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HOW TO TEACH.

Everything is quite simple here. For some time (usually two to three weeks is enough for this), a paragraph of text from any work of art or an exercise from a SMALL SIZE textbook is copied EVERY DAY in a notebook. The text, which is VERY IMPORTANT, is rewritten in CELLS, ONE LETTER PER CELL, THE LETTER MUST OCCUPY THE WHOLE CELL!

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The psychological preparation of the child for classes is also important here. In an unfavorable psychological atmosphere, classes “under pressure”, there may be no results. The volume of text, I emphasize once again, should be small; for a child under ten years old it can be only one line a day, but it should be clearly rewritten. The overall goal is to prevent the slightest disgust, fatigue, or even dissatisfaction with yourself!

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There are tricks to choosing stationery for dysgraphics.

Massaging your fingertips is important for proper brain function when writing. This is what I recommend to ALL speech therapists. Therefore, it is good if the place of “grip” of a writing object (pen or pencil) is covered with ribs or pimples.

But it’s even better if the student is comfortable holding this very pen, then the handwriting is more likely to stabilize. And for this, the body must be triangular. Such pens and pencils for dysgraphics with a triple section to support three holding fingers are produced, for example, by the company /deleted by the administrator/. There are triangular pencils and felt-tip pens from the company /removed by the administrator/. Unfortunately, I have not yet seen both “conveniences” combined: the triangle and the pimples. So buy a bubble pen and a triangular pencil.

I would also like to note that stationery that has some special features will be a source of little pride for the child in front of his classmates, which can at least slightly smooth out school failures.

Girls often like to buy pens with multi-colored, shiny, etc. paste, fortunately they are allowed to write with them (in music lessons, labor lessons, etc.). So let it be better that the value of a pen in a child’s eyes be a beautiful, colored, unusually shaped body than a colored gel that makes it dazzle in the eyes and in the notebook. When buying a pen, check how it writes and whether the ink bleeds through to the other side of the page.

Gel pens are considered the most suitable for dysgraphics (pressure is felt), but in first grade they will most likely be prohibited from using them: they often leak, freeze, and spoil. Therefore, at home, it is useful for even the youngest to play a medieval scribe - to practice writing with a feather and ink (if parents do not know how, then you can ask your grandparents). “Pen” writing forms the correct position of the hand relative to the surface of the paper. At the same time, however, there is a fascinating opportunity to get smeared with ink and smear your notebook, table, nose, knees, etc., so be careful.

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A FEW EXERCISES to help overcome dysgraphia

I would like to warn you that these exercises will not eliminate the problem, but will help parents in overcoming dysgraphia and will help the speech therapist work on the defect.

Exercise "Proofreading".

For this exercise you need a book, boring and with a fairly large (not small) font. The student works every day for five (no more) minutes on the following task: crosses out the given letters in a continuous text. You need to start with one letter, for example, “a”. Then “o”, then the consonants with which there are problems, first they also need to be asked one at a time. After 5-6 days of such classes, we switch to two letters, one is crossed out, the other is underlined or circled. The letters should be “paired”, “similar” in the student’s mind. For example, as practice shows, most often difficulties arise with the pairs “p/t”, “p/r”, “m/l” (spelling similarity); “y/d”, “y/y”, “d/b” (in the latter case the child forgets whether the tail of the circle is pointing up or down), etc.

The pairs required for development can be established when viewing any text written by your child. After seeing the correction, ask what letter he wanted to write here. More often than not, everything is clear without explanation.

Attention! It’s better if the text is not read (that’s why the book needs to be boring). All attention must be concentrated on finding the given shape of a letter, one or two, and work only with them.

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Exercise “Writing out loud.”

An extremely important and irreplaceable technique: everything that is written is spoken out loud by the writer at the time of writing and the way it is written, with underlining and highlighting weak parts.

That is, “Another O-din h-rez-you-cha-Y-but-important reception” (after all, in fact, we say something like “LOOKING FOR AN EMERGENCY IMPORTANT PREMIERE”). The example is simpler: “ON THE TABLE WAS A JUG WITH MILK” (a jug of malak melted on the steel). By “weak beats” we mean sounds that, when pronounced in fluent speech, the speaker pays the least attention to. For vowel sounds, this is any unstressed position; for consonants, for example, a position at the end of a word, such as “zu*p”, or before a voiceless consonant, such as “lo*shka”. It is also important to clearly pronounce the end of the word, since for a dysgraphic person it is difficult to finish the word to the end, and often for this reason the habit of “putting sticks” is developed, i.e. add an indefinite number of squiggle sticks to the end of a word, which at a quick glance can be mistaken for letters. But the number of these squiggles and their quality do not correspond to the letters at the end of the word. It is important to determine whether your child has developed this habit. However, regardless of whether it exists or not, we get used to consistency and gradual pronunciation, we pronounce every word we write down!

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“Take a closer look and figure it out” (punctuation for dysgraphics and more).

Material for work - collections of dictations (with commas already added, and check that there are no typos).

Assignment: carefully reading, “photographing” the text, explain the placement of each punctuation mark out loud. It is better (for middle and older age) if the explanation sounds like this: “The comma between the adjective “clear” and the conjunction “and”, firstly, closes the participial phrase “...”, and secondly, separates the two parts of the complex sentence ( grammatical basics: the first “…”, the second “…”), connected by the conjunction “and”.

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"Missing letters"

When performing this exercise, it is suggested to use the hint text, where all the missing letters are in their places. The exercise develops attention and confidence in writing skills. For example:

Of course, no matter what, what Lariosik __to the hall is going to eat. In no way __l__ch__e m__f__t b__t__ n__ st__ro__e Petliura in__el__ig__n__n__y ch__l__we__ in__ob__e, but d__en__lm__n, p__d__i__av__iy cheerful on s__m__es__t p__t you__ya__ and p__sy__a__shchi__ __el__g__a__we in __es__es __t tr__ s__ov__, in ch__st__o__ty... M__shi__nym small__lo__ and k__ro__i__om on__lu__sh__m about__az__m b__li s__aza__y and nay-tours Colt and Al__shin brau__ing . Lariosik, p__d__b__o Nikolka, z__su__il __uk__v__ and p__m__ga__ __maz__va__y and __kl__dy__at__ all__ in d__in__u__ and __y__o__uyu tough__uyu k__rob__u __z-__od ka__am__l__. __ab__ta __y__a sp__shn__y, ib__ to each __ply__och__u chlo__e__u, u__a__your__avsh__mu in rev__i__, o__li__but and__v__st__o, __t__ o__y__ki pr__ __s__h vl__st__h __ro__sho__yat from __wu__ cha__ov t__i__t__ti __in__t __ o__and until __an hour__on Monday__and m__nu__ ut__a z__mo__ and from __day__and th__so__ but__i to __four__h __tra le__o__. V__e ra__ot__ z_-d__rzh__la__y, bl__go__a_-ya Lariosik, who__to__y__, zako__ya__y with __with__ro__st__om activity p__sto__eta with__s__em__ Colt, involved in __y__ku __battle__u not t__m __end__m and, __t__b __ in__ta__it__ e__, __on__do__il__sn__chi__ate__but__ us__le__e and __or__do__but__ to__li__e__t__o m__sl__. Kr__m__ that__o, pr__izol__o in__or__e and n__zhi__a__no__ pr__pya__st__i__: k__ro__k__ with v__o__en__m__ in n__e re__ol__we__am__, p__go__a__i Nikolki and Al__ks__ya, she__ro__om and __ar__o__ko__ __a__le__n__ka A__ek__e__, k__r__b__a, in __lo__e__na__ in__u__r__ __lo__m par__fi__ov__y __um__gi and s__a__zh__ p__ in__e__ __v__m __bl__p__e__na__ li__kim__ __olo__am__ __le__t__i__e__ko__ __z__lya__i, n__ __ro__es__a in f__rto__k__.

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Labyrinths.

Labyrinths are good for developing gross motor skills (movements of the hand and forearm), attention, and continuous line. Make sure your child changes the position of his hand, not the sheet of paper.

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Dictations must be written! Only in a special way.

1. Extremely slow!

Material from the site

At the initial stage of eliminating dysgraphia, a dysgraphic applicant should spend at least an hour writing a dictation of 150 words. Why so long? This can be seen from the following points.

2. The text is read in its entirety. You can ask what spelling/punctuation this text is based on. Your student is unlikely to answer, since he has already decided that this is “not for him,” so remember and lightly point out them yourself, find out whether the concepts of “unstressed vowels” and “participial/adverbial phrase” are known.

Then the first sentence is dictated. Ask the student to name the number of commas in it and try to explain them. Do not insist, suggest, encourage the attempt to give the correct answer. Ask them to spell one or two difficult (or simply long) words. Only then (after reading it twice, or even three or four times).

3. The sentence is dictated in parts and written down, pronouncing out loud all the features of pronunciation and punctuation marks.

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What not to do?

Children with dysgraphia usually have good visual memory. Therefore, under no circumstances should you offer them exercises where you need to correct mistakes that were initially made. Performing such exercises can have a detrimental effect (due to the same visual memory) on students who have the skill of writing correctly. DO NOT ASK YOUR CHILDREN TO CORRECT MISTAKES, TEACH THEM NOT TO MAKE MISTAKES. The essence of correcting dysgraphia is to eradicate the very idea that these same mistakes can be made when writing. A text with errors once again shows the child that mistakes are possible, and perhaps even useful in some ways. Let's forget about this...

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Thank you for your attention!

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Bibliography:

1. Ananyev B. G. Analysis of difficulties in the process of mastering reading and writing. Izvestia of the APN R.-SFSR 1950.-Issue 70 2. Levina R. E. Writing impairment in children with speech underdevelopment. - M., 1961 3. Sadovnikova I. N. Impairment of written speech in primary schoolchildren. - M., 1983

We wish you success!

Correcting dysgraphia: exercises for schoolchildren in grades 1-2

In recent years, dysgraphia to one degree or another has been detected in the majority of primary schoolchildren. This speech therapy disorder manifests itself in the fact that the child cannot master written speech not because he is lazy or does not know the rules, as it might seem at first glance, but because of impaired higher mental functions that control the writing of words. Without targeted correction, it is almost impossible to improve writing literacy.

How does a child with dysgraphia write?

He confuses letters that are similar in spelling, writes them in mirror images, does not distinguish between dull and voiced, soft and hard sounds, and duplicates syllables. The handwriting is uneven, jumping right and left, the inclination and size of characters is constantly changing, letters often receive extra elements, are duplicated, and turned over. Children with dysgraphia often have incorrect articulation, which causes their mental image of a word to be distorted. Many schoolchildren have difficulty with grammatical structure: they incorrectly agree words, replace prepositions, confuse such elementary things as gender and number, while being native speakers.

What to do if you are diagnosed with dysgraphia?

The first and most important advice to parents who are faced with dysgraphia is as follows: do not try to blame the child for poor grades and do not expect quick success. He simply cannot perceive the logic and rules of language due to the peculiarities of the development of mental functions. Dysgraphia is corrected over several years, so A's and B's will appear in the fifth grade at best. Be sure to inform the school teacher that your child has a speech therapy disorder.

Exercises aimed at correcting dysgraphia are quite simple, and you can perform them at home with your child, following the recommendations of a speech therapist. You need to exercise every day, for at least 60 minutes, only in this case can you count on any result. You must find time to study in any situation, even if it is 30 minutes instead of the allotted hour.

Presentation: “Various types of dysgraphic errors, techniques and methods for eliminating them”

Seminar

Various types of dysgraphic errors,

techniques and methods for eliminating them

Dolgopolova Inna Valerievna

teacher speech therapist

Interest in this topic is due to factors such as:

The number of underachieving children with various types of written speech disorders reaches 90%;

Disturbances in the formation of writing interfere with the success of learning, effective adaptation to school, and often cause secondary mental layers and deviations in the formation of the child’s personality (neurological disorders, disorders of cognitive activity, perception, memory, attention).

Target:

To acquaint primary school teachers with various types of dysgraphic errors,

techniques and methods for eliminating them

Dysgraphia

- this is a partial violation of the writing process, manifested in persistent, repeated errors due to the immaturity of the higher mental functions involved in the writing process

(R.I. Lalaeva)

Compare “sentence” - “suggestion” and “sentence” - “addition”. In this example, the difference between simple ignorance of the correct spelling (rules) and dysgraphia is clearly visible.

Types of dysgraphia

Articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia
occurs in children who have or have had problems with sound pronunciation. As a result, in children's writing there are errors in the form of mixtures and omissions of letters.
Dysgraphia based on impaired phoneme recognition
is associated with an insufficient level of functioning of the operations of the complex process of distinguishing and selecting phonemes. In children's writing, this manifests itself in the form of mixtures or even complete replacements of letters in the letter.
With dysgraphia due to a violation of language analysis and synthesis,
operations are incomplete: dividing a sentence into words and synthesizing a sentence from words, syllabic and phonemic analysis and synthesis. In writing, this dysgraphia manifests itself in distortions in the structure of words and sentences (omissions, rearrangements, additions of letters, syllables, words; merging or breaking words).
Agrammatic dysgraphia
is associated with the underdevelopment of the lexical and grammatical structure of speech in children and the immaturity of morphological and syntactic generalizations.
Optical dysgraphia
is associated with underdevelopment of visual gnosis and mnesis, analysis and synthesis, and spatial concepts. In writing, it manifests itself in the form of substitutions of graphically similar letters, distortions in the writing of letters, and mirror writing.

The main diagnostic criteria for writing disorders include :

1. Presence of specific errors in written work. These are omissions, substitutions, rearrangements, underwriting of letters, syllables, words; errors in stressed syllables, errors in indicating softness in writing; mirror spelling of letters or other distortions of letters, especially rare or capital ones; lack of capital letter and period in a sentence; continuous spelling or break of a word, unreadable handwriting, sharp fluctuations in handwriting (from small to large), non-compliance with the boundaries of the fields in the notebook.

2. A large number of these errors: from 5 to 20 or more.

3. Persistence of errors: they appear in all types of written work (copying, writing from memory, composition, dictation) for a long time.

The main diagnostic criteria for writing disorders include :

2. A large number of these errors: from 5 to 20 or more.

3. Persistence of errors: they appear in all types of written work (copying, writing from memory, composition, dictation) for a long time.

Errors in dysgraphia are persistent and their occurrence is not associated “... neither with a decrease in intellectual development, nor with severe hearing and vision impairment, nor with the regularity of schooling.”

Characteristics of dysgraphic errors

1. Errors at the letter level and

syllables (omissions, substitutions, mixtures, permutations, insertions)

Errors at the word level.
(continuous, separate spelling, agrammatisms)

2. Errors at the sentence (phrase) level.

Violation of the agreement of words in a sentence in gender, number, case (“night has fallen”).
Skipping words in a sentence.
Violation of word order.
There are numerous cases of violation of the control of words (“along the paths of the garden”).

3. Errors at the text level.

Omitting meaningful parts.
Unreasonable expansion of the boundaries and semantic parts of the text.
Violation of logical sequence within some semantic part.

Prevalence of dysgraphia

The state of written speech among 2nd grade students (19 children) was analyzed:

67% of 2nd grade students have dysgraphia

Agraphia (no writing) in 53% of all children examined.

Carrying out correctional and pedagogical work to eliminate dysgraphia

Stage
I - filling gaps in the development of the sound side of speech

Stage
II - filling gaps in the field of mastering vocabulary and grammar

Stage
III - filling gaps in the formation of coherent speech

Areas of work

Elimination of sound pronunciation defects

Development of phonemic awareness, as well as skills of sound analysis and word synthesis

Replenishment and enrichment of vocabulary

Development and improvement of grammatical structure of speech

Development of coherent speech.

Development of visual analysis and synthesis, spatial representations

Elimination of sound pronunciation defects

1 . Clarifying the pronunciation of sounds

(articulation gymnastics, imitation games, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, games)

2. Development of fine motor skills of the hands

(finger games)

Development of phonemic awareness, as well as skills of sound analysis and word synthesis

differentiation of sounds similar in sound (hissing and whistling, dull and voiced, hard and soft)
word conversion
syllabic analysis
work on intonation expressiveness

Examples of tasks

1. From each word, take only the first syllables and make a new word

a) aw

car,
tor
moz –
author
b) co

los,
ro
ta,
va
for –
ko-ro-va
c) ko

ra,
lo
to,
bok
ser – ko-lo-bok

2. Take only the second syllables

a) I

, ra
ma
–
ya-ma
b) pu go

vitsa, mo
lo
tok, la
va
-
head-lo-va
c) at the core

, boozi
na
, ti
na
–
kor-zi-na

Transforming words by increasing sounds and letters, rearranging sounds

a) at the beginning of a word:

mouth - to

fur -
fur
, Olya -
Kolya
, daughter -
daughter

b) at the end of a word:

ball – ball f

, side - side
s
, table - table
b
, fox - sheet
t
, bodice - lift
t
;

c) rearrangement of sounds:

saw - linden

stick - paw

carp - park

mountain - horns

Game "Enchanted Words"

Sapohar, perachenye, hadulva, vasurenye, pinarozhki, sugrohari, grukryshi, kabrikao, baliranka.

Replenishment and enrichment of vocabulary

Introduction of new words
Working on words with the same root
Getting to know synonyms and antonyms
Working with homonyms and phraseological units
Development of semantic guesses based on proverbs and sayings

Examples of tasks

Game "Third Wheel"

Brave, brave, courage

Pechurka, seal, stove

Sofa, sofa, surprised

Leo, left, left

« Insert words"

Soon the fairy tale will tell, but it won’t happen soon -…….

This is not the first time the wolf has experienced winter……….

Every living thing wants………. .

Enough for you, well done, grief........ .

"Put emphasis"

The fields
were covered with a shroud of snow. Polya always sang while working on the mountain . Styopa experienced grief.

Think of words that contain some number:

1 – unit, unity, lonely, once;

2 – Tuesday, double, deuce, twin, two-barrel, double-barreled shotgun.

3 — …

4 — …

"Find a Pair"

A teaspoon per hour. Few

Just a stone's throw away. Slowly

Hang your nose. A lot of

One, two, and I got it wrong. Close

The chickens don't peck. Thin

Skin and bones. be sad

Find verbs used figuratively.

The sun sang in free will,

The field began to sniffle - the field awakened.

The breeze woke up, blinked sleepily,

Poplar shook himself noisily, like a calf.

For some reason the sea is still yawning.

This is how early mornings are

Development and improvement of grammatical structure of speech

1. Formation of word formation and inflection functions in children

2. Establishing a connection in a sentence using questions

Examples of tasks

Correct the sentences.

a) Grandfather is in the stove, firewood is on the stove.

b) There are boots on the table, cakes under the table.

c) Sheep in the stove, crucian carp by the river.

d) There is a portrait under the table, a stool above the table.

Correct the logical errors and write the sentence correctly.

The boy broke the ball with glass.

My brother lost his library of books.

In the spring, the meadows flooded the river.

After summer, the long-awaited spring has come.

Spread the sentence, gradually increasing the number of words.

Olya is reading.

Olya is reading a book.

Olya is reading an interesting book.

Olya reads an interesting book to her grandmother.

Game "Confusion"

Make up two sentences: “Standing, vase, in, flowers, nuts, in, squirrel, hollow, hiding.”

Game "Missing Words"

Silence reigns in the dense... Black... shaded the sun. Silenced... It's about to begin... .

Game "Finish the sentence"

The ottoman climbed a tree that……..

The ottoman climbed a tree because......

The ottoman climbed up a tree where ………….

The ottoman climbed the tree when……….

Development of coherent speech

Training in full detailed answers to questions

Construction of compound and complex sentences

Working on the ability to coherently express the meaning of what you heard or read

Drawing up a plan and developing the ability to correctly format text in writing.

Types of work on the development of coherent speech

Write captions for the pictures.
Observation notes.
Narrative presentation.
The presentation is descriptive.
Composition.

Examples of tasks

“Create a fairy tale, knowing the beginning (end)”
"Finish the story"

"Collect the text"

"Make up questions"

“Write a story using key words”

Development of visual analysis and synthesis, spatial
representations
1. Understanding of spatial prepositions;

2. Orientation in the right and left sides of space and in the spatial arrangement of objects in relation to each other;

3. Orientation on one’s own body, differentiation of its right and left parts;

4. Analysis of ridiculous pictures;

5. Construction of figures from matches, sticks;

6. Recognition of objects in complicated conditions (objects shown as dotted lines, superimposed on each other, “noisy”)