The role of oratory in management - Personality of the speaker

A speaker is a person who has the art of speaking. Derived from the Latin word orare and translated as “to speak.” The speaker's speech should influence the audience, be impressive and convincing.

The art of oratory is the science of rhetoric. Aristotle was the first to expand the degree of knowledge of rhetoric and conduct an analysis of its techniques and principles, writing a book about this “Rhetoric”. One of the most ancient methods of persuasion is the concept he developed. It involves dividing the arguments of a speech into the types of ethos, logos, and pathos. Arguments are divided according to the criteria of sensory, mental, and moral conviction of the public.

1. It with;

The meaning is translated as “character”, “disposition”. This is the presence of a stable moral element of argumentation. Ethos is the complete opposite of pathos. Aristotle defined it as the depiction of a person's character traits through speech style. He believed that speech must be appropriate, otherwise even strong argumentation (logos) with good preparation will not save the audience.

1. Logos;

Means “word”, “meaning”. Logos determines the means of words that are used to write speech. This is a logically written text.

1. Pathos.

Means “suffering”, “excitement”. This is a category of rhetoric that determines the style and manner of expressing emotions. A pathetic speaker uses arguments that have an emotional impact on the audience.

Oratory of Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome revealed to the world many theorists of eloquence, whose names are still known and do not leave history textbooks. State issues of this period were resolved exclusively at popular assemblies or in court. The image of the orator of Ancient Rome was equated with God. One of the most famous representatives of art of this period is the brilliant orator and philosopher Marcus Fabius Quintilian (36–96 AD).

Marcus Quintilian was a predecessor and admirer of Cicero's work. He organized a school of rhetoric in Rome, where he became a famous teacher of oratory and participated in the education of his students. Marcus Fabius Quintilian was a famous literary reformer of that time; the main works of his life were the books “On the Causes of the Decline of Eloquence” and “Education of the Orator.” Quintilian made enormous contributions to the development and analysis of eloquence and to the development of these skills in children.

Quintilian considered the speaker's main duty to have beautiful and pure speech and to observe ethical and moral duty. He believed that an orator, sophisticated in eloquence, is a sage, versed in the sciences and the art of speech, who must be one with nature and continuously practice.

Quintilian developed a special system of education. He said that in order to master the art of oratory to perfection, it is necessary to develop special character traits in a child from childhood. Quintilian devoted a separate chapter on the education of an orator to the work of a teacher, offering special exercises and a list of recommendations for reading literature. The philosopher considered the rules of rhetoric not obligatory for the speaker. Quintilian proposed changing them depending on the speaker and the prevailing circumstances, deviating from long-established rules for word construction.

Marcus Fabius Quintilian divided rhetoric into five parts that every charismatic speaker must adhere to:

• Pronunciation;
• Memory;
• Presentation;
• Location;
• Invention.

Quintilian considered the most important thing for an orator to be the absence of arrogance in speech. The presentation should be modest and extremely clear.

Personal type of communication

Contact with the audience will be more successful if the speaker uses a personal type of communication. This type of communication involves constructing a speech when working with an audience in the same way as a conversation with a specific person in direct contact (“live” conversation).

The personal type of communication assumes that the speaker, during the speech, clearly indicates his author’s self: his attitude to the subject of speech, to the interlocutor.

Experienced speakers use almost all means of language as a means of expressing the author’s self. However, for such linguistic means as pronouns, particles, introductory words, complexly subordinated sentences with a subordinate explanatory expression of the author's I is the main functional purpose. Particles (only, even, here, same, etc.), despite the small size of the sound material, clearly indicate the presence of the author’s voice in the text, quite often expressing the author’s attitude.

Some particles are very expressive, expressive (you know, I took it, etc.).

Introductory words are used for the same purpose: the expression of the relationship is reflected in them more clearly and definitely:

“But, one way or another, even on his unsuccessful poems, on everything that came out of his lips, there was a touch of some kind of divine, ecstatic inspiration, as happened with the prophesied holy fools in Rus'.”

This text is literally full of pronouns: his, all, that, his, some, this. All these pronouns, as well as the introductory word in one way or another and the particle even give the text the feeling of the sound of the author’s voice.

The author’s attitude (and, accordingly, the author’s) is most clearly expressed by complex sentences with an explanatory clause (I believe that; it is clear that others): “Here, by the way, I note that Easter eggs became works of art in those times when in the ritual Royal and grand-ducal families began to participate in donating eggs for Easter." The highlighted construction (Here, by the way, I note that) can be omitted without any damage to the information being communicated. Its purpose is to help the speaker identify his I in the text and thereby make his speech more personal, i.e. addressed to the audience.

13 pages, 6054 words

Course Topic Development of speech of older preschoolers through theatrical...

... to consider the possibilities of theatrical activities for the development of speech in older preschoolers; 3) study methods and techniques for developing the speech of older preschoolers through theatrical activities; 4) conduct experimental work using theatrical games on speech development in older children...

Thus, when preparing for a speech, we must take care of a convincing, meaningful development of the topic and its good information support. The speech format of the speech should ensure constant contact with the audience and contribute to the rapid and reliable assimilation of the content.

Oratory of the Renaissance

Oratory moved to a new stage of development during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was the heyday of judicial oratory and commercial eloquence. The art of rhetoric of the Renaissance period was expressed in literary works and supplemented by live speech, further moving away from the use of book Latin.

The personality of the speaker in the rhetoric of the Renaissance was of fundamental importance. The idol for the public was the philosopher and brilliant orator Cicero.

The main conditions for a person performing for the public in the Renaissance were benevolence and charity. These qualities helped to win over the audience, there was complete mutual understanding and the formation of public trust in the speaker. For speeches, a speaker's platform was used. The Renaissance became a new stage in the development of people's spiritual life.

Types of Speakers

Speakers vary in temperament and manner of presenting information. The following types of speakers are distinguished:

• Emotional type;

An emotional speaker is an impressionable person. The words are imbued with one’s own experienced emotions and feelings. He is capable of raising his voice or shouting. The monologue is filled with passion and does not contain a clear plan; there is active gestures. The emotional appearance tends to be exaggerated, so the audience does not take it seriously. A charismatic speaker of an emotional type is able to agitate, but is not able to inspire with words. Speech is intuitive in nature; it is not possible to predict the course of development of the speech.

• Rational type.

The rational type speaker is an emotionally restrained person who keeps his feelings to himself. The speech of a rational speaker consists of a predetermined plan and is filled with logically constructed reasoning and conclusions. She will easily lead listeners, influencing rational thinking and faith in the spoken words.

Language and style of public speaking

In the scientific understanding, language is a form of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilation and transmission of various types of information and new knowledge. In order to effectively influence the minds and feelings of listeners, a speaker who is a native speaker of a given language must be fluent in it, i.e. have a high level of speech culture. The improvement of speech culture and the development of coherent speech (oral and written) is facilitated by mastering the theoretical foundations of independent branches of the science of language - stylistics and speech culture, which study “language use”.

7 pages, 3001 words

Psychological features of communication

... communication is determined by the fact that in its process the subjective world of one person is revealed to another. In communication, a person determines himself, revealing his individual characteristics. By... uh" and others. In social psychology, there is a large number of experimental studies ... of the use of words, its expressiveness and intelligibility, the correct pronunciation of sounds and words. Words and...

Stylistics (the word “style” comes from the name of the needle, or stiletto, with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the system of language styles (functional styles of speech), the patterns of their functioning in different areas of use, the peculiarities of the use of language means depending on the situation and goals of the statement, the sphere and conditions of communication.

Functional styles are characterized by a certain system of linguistic means, the stable use of neutral (i.e., commonly used, not assigned to any one style) and stylistically colored elements of the language - lexical and grammatical. Each style requires special means of expression and contains a certain system of rules for the use of linguistic means.

Each of the functional styles is implemented in two forms - oral and written, which, in turn, depends on the form of communication - direct or indirect (written documents, media, etc.).

Different styles are characterized to varying degrees by one or another form of communication. For example, for a conversational style, the oral form is more typical, while for the scientific and official business style, the written form is more typical.

Conversational style refers to the oral form of language functioning. The internal stylistic features of the colloquial style include ease, concreteness, and expressiveness of expression. Thus, the colloquial style is usually used in everyday speech. Its goal is communication, exchange of thoughts and impressions. The traditional form of implementing this style is dialogue. In the conversational style there is no preliminary selection of linguistic material. It uses, along with neutral ones, reduced colloquial language means: words and phraseological units, colloquial words, emotionally charged words, words with a figurative meaning, particles, interjections, addresses, introductory words, sentence words, incomplete sentences, repetitions of words, weakening of syntactic connections between words, etc.

As for the official business style, this phrase already indicates the scope of its application - in the correspondence of individuals and legal entities, in messages of state and public importance. Its purpose is to inform. The usual form of implementation is a monologue.

In this style, there is a preliminary selection of linguistic means and its own genres: code, law, decree, resolution, charter, order, act, protocol, communiqué, instruction, announcement, etc. In an official business style, neutral language means and words in their literal meaning are predominantly used.

Lexical and syntactic features of the speech

Since oral speech is irreversible, the speaker must constantly ensure that his speech is easily understood by the listeners the first time. The speaker's responsibilities are to minimize difficulties in understanding speech. In this case, first of all, you should keep in mind some syntactic and lexical features.

1. Simple sentences and parts of complex sentences should not be excessively long. The limit of RAM is limited to a long verbal chain, consisting of 5-7 words.

2. Those types of constructions that tend to the sphere of colloquial speech are more easily perceived. In structure, these constructions are non-common and less common, one-part sentences (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, denominative), incomplete, uncomplicated. These constructions can be either independent sentences or parts of complex sentences.

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Speech in psychology

... In psychology, there are two main types of speech: external and internal. External speech includes oral (dialogue and monologue) and written. Dialogue is direct communication between two or more people. Dialogical speech ... moreover, written speech does not have any additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and punctuation marks that organize the sentence. ...

3. It is undesirable to use passive voice constructions. Their natural sphere of functioning is the official business style, texts designed primarily for the transmission and preservation of information, and not for impact.

Speech perception is significantly complicated by the use of verbal nouns ending in =nie, =tie, as well as others similar to them. Any verbal noun is a collapsed sentence; it is, as it were, a bundle of meaning that requires unfolding and awareness.

The disadvantages of this proposal, which make it difficult to perceive, include: firstly, the significant prevalence and complexity of the proposal; secondly, a large number of verbal nouns: resolution, restoration, termination, expansion, influence, decision.

When preparing a speech, you should not abuse the use of terms: do not overload the text with terminology and do not use highly specialized terms.

Speaker personality and eloquence skills

The Russian thinker and scientist M.V. Lomonosov saw in the speaker a witty, eloquent person with a phenomenal memory. An eloquent speaker must be intellectually savvy, literate, memorable, have logical and figurative memory, and versatile thinking.

A charismatic speaker presupposes an innate ability in public speaking. The innate gift for eloquence stems from the structural features of the nervous system and the functioning of the brain.

For public speaking, a speaker will need special skills. They are of great importance and are divided into basic and acquired.

• The basic skills of a speaker consist of studying specialized literature, the ability to analyze a speech, writing a speech, and knowledge of such a science as rhetoric.
• The acquired skills consist of preparing for a speech, answering questions from the audience, persuasiveness of words, establishing a connection with the audience, and analyzing the speech.

Reading literature on public speaking, practicing speech, and analyzing people’s performances on stage will help develop eloquence skills. Back in his time, Cicero said that poets are born and become orators.

A person who combines the following character traits and abilities will achieve success in public speaking:

1. Attentiveness;

It will help to correctly assess current events, the emotional mood of the audience, for a correct and timely response to it.

1. Correct rational thinking;

It will help the speaker think in accordance with the laws of logic, carefully analyze the information, reproduce the monologue competently and consistently, and analyze speech.

1. Independence;

The speaker must be critical of the information received and have his own opinion, independent of the mood of others.

1. Pleasant speech;

A speech delivered in a boring way will not interest the audience. It should be of good quality, the words well constructed, pleasant to the ear and exciting.

1. The presence of an emotional note.

Dry text without a “living” word will only alienate the listener. A fiery speaker knows when to add an emotional word to his speech and “shed” a tear.

Speaker's communicative state

The work of maintaining contact with the audience involves, first of all, the formation of the necessary communicative state. The communicative state of the speaker is understood as the totality of all those characteristics of the speaker that influence his ability to establish contact with the audience and maintain it.

Forming the necessary communicative state that will allow you to successfully interact with the audience means the following:

*prohibit yourself from thinking about extraneous things,

* focus your attention on the listeners,

*carefully monitor their reactions,

*convince yourself that at the moment there is nothing more important and significant than your speech and the attention of the audience,

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Speaker and audience, techniques for establishing contacts

… 15 1. Speaker and audience., Public speaking - Types of speakers S. F. Ivanova in her work “Specificities of Public Speech” (M., 1978) identified individual speech types: 1) Rational - logical. Speakers of this type... in the best sense of the word, do not visit the lazy. Today, there are 3 main stages in public speaking: pre-communicative, communicative and post-communicative. Each of the stages...

* invest all physical and moral strength into speech action,

*have an offensive, strong-willed attitude: lead the audience behind you, and not follow the lead of the audience,

*understand that public speaking is a professional action related to the implementation of your intention, which must achieve a goal.

All these components of the speaker’s internal state are reflected in facial expressions, facial expressions, the nature of the gaze, posture, posture, and body movements. Such information is read by the audience on a subconscious level. It follows that you can fail your speech even before the first word is spoken. You cannot go out to the audience and start speaking, feeling relaxed, weak-willed, indifferent, and lacking initiative. The audience will immediately feel all this (even if they don’t realize it at first), and their reaction will be unfavorable, passive

Of course, the communicative state of the speaker is not developed immediately. Quite often, before public speaking, people experience a feeling of uncertainty, are very worried, and are afraid of meeting with listeners. This also affects their physical condition: some experience nervous tremors, others turn red or pale, others’ voices begin to tremble, etc.

Often, speakers simply underestimate their own abilities, so they should make themselves believe that they are well prepared for the speech and can convey something important and useful to the audience. Some speakers worry because they lack experience.

Sometimes speakers are embarrassed by the memory of failure. Since even experienced speakers have failures, you should come to terms with the idea that some of your speeches may actually turn out to be unsuccessful, and react to this calmly and judiciously

In a word, the speaker needs good psychological preparation. He must be able to set himself up in a certain way before a performance, learn to manage his feelings and mood

The cause of anxiety can also be the speaker’s insufficient preparation for the speech.

The famous judicial figure of the 19th century A.F. Koni wrote on this matter: “In order to worry less before speaking, you need to be more confident in yourself, and this can only be with better preparation for the lecture.” The better you master the subject, the less you worry. The amount of excitement is inversely proportional to the work expended on preparation, or, rather, to the result of preparation. Preliminary work, invisible to anyone, is the basis of the lecturer’s confidence.

Preparing for a speech is a very important and responsible task in a speaker’s activity. And D. Carnegie was right when he asserted that “many people make the fatal mistake of not bothering to prepare their speech.”

Appearance and image of the speaker

Any listener is also a spectator; this psychological feature of a person must always be remembered. Before the speech begins, the audience will carefully examine the speaker’s appearance and evaluate his qualities. Regardless of the purpose and content of the speech, appearance requires an attentive, thorough attitude.

The speaker's clothing should be simple and elegant, of good quality, appropriate for the event and leave a good impression. The color chosen is calm, preferably dark tones. The absence of smell, stains on clothes and an awkward appearance is the key to the public's favor with the speaker.

Every detail in clothing should be thought out, making up the overall image of the speaker as a successful, purposeful person. During a performance, you should not wave your arms chaotically, sway from side to side, or move your legs. Gesticulation should be in moderation. The speaker's posture should look natural. Extra movements and active gestures distract the audience from the speech and give the performance a frivolous appearance.

For speeches, a special elevation is used for the speaker so that the audience can better hear and see the speaker. The speaker's platform will also be needed for his convenience. You can put prepared notes on it.

In addition to the appearance of the speaker, his speech image deserves attention.

• The presence of moral qualities in the education of a speaker, knowledge of science, ability to speak;
• Knowledge of speech stylistics, the ability to competently use styles for their intended purpose;
• Ability to use intonation.

Practical lessons

Practical preparation of a speech begins with choosing a topic that should be of undoubted interest to the speaker and his audience. The title of the speech should reflect the essence of the problem in a concise form and be of an advertising nature: It should attract attention and affect the interests of the audience.

Having decided on the topic and title, you need to think about what goals you are pursuing: Novelty of information, expected reaction of the audience.

The content of the speech should reveal the topic, and for this use facts, arguments, reasons, explanations. To search for illustrative material you can use:

• official documents;
• scientific, popular science literature;
• Reference publications: encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries, statistical collections, yearbooks on various subjects, tables;
• Internet pages;
• through the media;
• results of sociological surveys.

The composition of speech is a logical arrangement of all parts of speech, motivated by content and intent, and their corresponding relationship, a system for organizing material.

The speech consists of three parts: Introduction, middle part (argumentation) and conclusion.

Psychologists claim (and this has been proven by numerous experiments) that according to the so-called “law of edge”, what is best absorbed is what is included at the beginning and end of the message. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the introduction and conclusion.

The function of the introduction is to psychologically prepare the audience for the perception of the topic, to interest them and create psychologically favorable conditions for its discussion. To do this, the introduction should emphasize the relevance of the topic, its importance for this audience, formulate the goal, and briefly outline the history of the issue. The introduction should be brief.

The conclusion should be no more than 1.5-2 minutes. Here the speaker summarizes and briefly repeats the main ideas of his speech. Popular wisdom says: “The end is the end of things.” Therefore, a convincing and vivid conclusion will leave a good impression of the entire speech, while an unsuccessful one will also spoil a good speech.

The middle part presents the main material, consistently explaining the points put forward, arguing and proving their correctness, analyzing examples and thereby leading the audience to the necessary conclusions.

The material should be arranged in a logical order, and the presentation should not be too long or detailed. Here it is necessary to strive for brightness, clarity, show emotions from time to time, influence the audience in the right way, evoke a reaction, a desire to act in a certain direction.

When working on a presentation, consider the following guidelines:

• Be consistent in your speech. Do not move on to the next point in your speech until you have explained the previous one.
• Start your presentation with the most important points.
• do not repeat. Repeating what was not said creates a very unfavorable impression. If you feel the need to repeat what has been said, make it clear that you are doing so on purpose.
• do not be distracted by extraneous facts, information, examples, etc. that are not relevant to the essence of the matter.
• follow the principle of amplification, the essence of which is that the importance and persuasiveness of arguments gradually increases, the strongest arguments are used at the end of the argument.

Types and styles of oratory

Oratory speech is divided into the following types:

• Socio-political;

The speech is aimed at solving social, economic and political issues, and represents the definition of tasks and goals. The speech provides the audience with practical recommendations for action. Political speakers organize reports or diplomatic speeches on relevant topics, enter into discussions with rivals, observing ethical standards and rules of conduct.

• Academic;

The speech is aimed at considering new facts, ongoing research, tests. The presentation takes place as a scientific report or lecture.

• Judicial;

Speech influences court decisions and forms the appropriate mood of judges and the public in the courtroom. The purpose of speech in a trial is to make a lawful decision, observing the rules that constitute the ethics of a judicial speaker. Judicial speech is divided into accusatory, lawyer, public and speech of the accused.

The ethics of a judicial speaker must correspond to the standards of morality and quality, since the words of the speaker have a direct impact on the fate of the accused, prove or disprove involvement in the case. The court speaker is solely responsible for the content of the speech.

• Household;

The speech illuminates the everyday life of the individual in a free style of presentation. The performance is held at anniversaries, feasts, and birthdays.

• Church.

The oldest form of eloquence, with a rich history. Church speech reflects interest in the spiritual world of man and touches on the topic of habits.

An oratorical speech is carefully prepared using book and scientific sources that determine the speech style of the speech. The following styles of oratory are distinguished:

• Business oratorical style of speech is aimed at conveying information to the audience. The main goal of the scientific style is to convey and prove the truth of the spoken information to the public.
• The artistic style is aesthetically oriented.
• Conversational style is very different from book style. Its goal is communication.
• Orally, the speaker reveals everyday and personal topics during his speech.

Memorization and pronunciation of the language

The speaker must recite the speech by heart, since the audience is difficult to read the text from a sheet of paper. Sometimes it is necessary to memorize the text of a speech, and this can be justified if you need to make a persuasive speech at a meeting or with a greeting at a special event. Memorization of speech may be small. If the speech is large (lecture, report), then memorization is not possible for everyone, and then problems with reproduction may arise: strong excitement, noise in the hall. Speakers cannot always continue what they started. Many experienced speakers advise speaking based on the text: highlighting the main semantic parts; emphasize main ideas; highlight factual material (names, statistics, quotes). Such text will be easy to use during a speech, and the speech itself will create the impression of fluency in the material, allowing the speaker to freely communicate with the audience.

It is not always possible for a speaker to prepare a speech in advance and then have to create it during the presentation. Impromptu speech is usually well received by the audience, and direct contact with the audience is established. However, due to the fact that the draft version of the speech does not always go smoothly, the speaker does not always fit into the allotted time, and some questions remain unanswered. “Performing” in front of an audience is a high art, the result of long and painstaking work, an indicator of the speaker’s experience and theoretical training.

It should be remembered that the most effective tool of a speaker is his voice. Winston Churchill, an outstanding politician and excellent speaker, prepared very carefully for each of his speeches. He reread the text of his speech several times and made notes in the margins to ensure that his words would have an effective impact on his listeners. In one manuscript, he wrote in the margin of the text: “Here we must raise our voice: there are not enough arguments!

Let's look at this example and analyze what needs to be done to learn how to effectively wield this “weapon”. First of all, you need to determine the strengths and weaknesses of your voice, and then learn to read expressively, which requires good diction, an average rate of speech, the ability to make logical stresses and pauses, the ability to vary the pitch range of the voice and use a variety of intonations.

Let's boil down the experts' recommendations to the following pronunciation rules:

• The language must be correct in all its aspects;
• avoid monotony; maintain an average speech rate;
• Speak loudly enough so that everyone in the audience can hear the speaker clearly.

There are typical shortcomings of oratory. Let's pay attention to them.

Poverty of vocabulary. The small number of words used by the speaker and their constant repetition look depressing and indicate his low educational and intellectual level. The speech should contain synonyms, colorful phrases, and comparisons.

Stylistic inconsistency. It should be remembered that subjects of different spiritual and moral dignity should be spoken of in different styles: important things should not be spoken of in a low style, and sad things should not be spoken of in a cheerful manner. The more worthy the topic of the speech, the more high, solemn words it should contain. Slang, colloquial words should not be used at all in public speaking.

Also, do not speak too pompously or sweetly, this makes the speech unnatural.

Length . Too long, confusing arguments are shortened, complex sentences are divided into 2-3 sentences.

Excessive brevity. By omitting some information or not saying something, the speaker makes his presentation not entirely clear. Speak not to be understood, but to not be understood. The use of obscure words, highly specialized terms and outdated words should be avoided.

Moments of failure. It is necessary to avoid numerous phonetic pauses-fillers (filler words), such as e-e-e-e...mm-mm-m-m...like?..., etc., as well as voiceless alliteration - repetitions of consonants (the minister met with high-ranking representatives...).

Oratory in modern society

Mastering the art of oratory will help you achieve unprecedented success in the modern world. At the moment, many methods and books on public speaking have been developed. The book “101 tips for a speaker” and the Stanislavsky system for a speaker will help a beginning speaker in writing a speech and preparing for a speech. The author of the book “101 Tips for a Speaker,” Radislav Gandapas, is known for his training in public speaking. The book contains practical advice for aspiring authors on speaking in public.

The main thing is practice, only thanks to it you can train your skills and learn how to communicate correctly with the public.

In London, for example, there is still a Speakers' Corner. Speakers' Corner is located in Hyde Park, London, where anyone can speak publicly, analyze others' speeches, or practice skills.

The Corner was formed in 1872 during the London riots and workers' protest and became a symbol of freedom of speech.
The Speakers' Corner was visited by Karl Marx, V.V. Lenin and other public figures who were in London; it has a rich political history. To this day, speeches do not end in London; tourists or locals listen to them. Previous articlePreviousNext articleNext

Information support for the speech

The speaker must pay special attention to illustrative material and material that provides information support for the speech.

You should think in advance what numbers you will give. The text should not contain a lot of digital material, since a large number of numbers bores listeners and obscures the main thing. The numbers should be understandable and based on real background knowledge of the audience.

When preparing the text of a speech, a separate, independent area of ​​work is working with quotations. The purpose of the quote may vary. Some quotes are designed to appeal to emotions; others appeal to consciousness, convince with the given factual material, others rely on the authority of the source.

If a quotation is really necessary in a speech, then regardless of the type of quotation and its purpose, you must, first of all, check the quotation. In this case, it is completely inappropriate to rely on your own memory, but you should check the quote used in the text with the original. Secondly, the meaning of the quoted passage in the text must coincide with the meaning of the quoted passage in the source text. Thirdly, the volume of the quotation should be sufficient for its meaning to be relatively independent and stable. If a very small amount of speech material is quoted, then you should take the time to explain to the audience the meaning of the quoted words. Truncated citation is one of the ways to manipulate public opinion

Constant work should be done to select quotations, organize them and update them.

The real preparation for a speech is to develop your own attitude to the subject of the speech, formulate your thoughts on a particular issue, and analyze your ideas from the perspective of the future audience.