Voiced and unvoiced, consonants and vowels, hissing sounds. Table, memo 1-2 grades

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Total ratings received: 358.

It is no coincidence that hissing consonant sounds received such an interesting name: they really seem to hiss, since they are pronounced in a special way. Our article for 2nd grade students talks about them in detail: what groups such sounds are divided into, what features and phonetic characteristics they have.

The material was prepared jointly with a teacher of the highest category, Kuchmina Nadezhda Vladimirovna.

Experience as a teacher of Russian language and literature - 27 years.

What are these sounds and how to pronounce them

Hissing sounds stand out from the rest by the acoustic noise they produce, that is, hissing. They can be pronounced correctly only with the lips open and slightly extended forward, while the teeth are almost closed. This creates a gap through which the air hisses. Thus, a striking example of a hissing consonant sound is the sound [ш], which is clearly pronounced in this way, without adding a voice. All four of these sounds are always pronounced while exhaling. At the same time, the sound does not pass from the sides: it is blocked by the tongue, pressed against the molars and hard palate. That is, in order to pronounce a hissing sound correctly, you need to “make” a ladle out of your tongue.

We can say that they are of a complex nature: they are difficult to pronounce not only for children, but also for many adults. To learn how to do this correctly, you need to monitor not only the position of your tongue and lips, but also the exhaled air: its stream passes approximately in the middle and should be wide enough. You can check this by raising your hand to your mouth.

If you monitor your articulation, you will notice that all hissing sounds are based on one thing - [w]. So, [g] appears if you add a voice to it, that is, trembling of the vocal cords. With [ш] the middle part of the tongue rises, and with [h] a stop in front of the labial-dental fissure is added to this rise.

The concept of transcription

Voiced and unvoiced, consonants and vowels, hissing letters are best displayed in phonetic transcription. The letter fixation of speech does not reflect its sound appearance. The graphic representation of speech is ambiguous in many cases (example: the letter yu can mean 2 sounds or 1).

To accurately convey spoken speech in writing, a transcription method was developed.

Phonetic transcription is designed to convey even the subtle features of sounds due to aspects of acoustics and articulation. Transcription phonetic notation is always enclosed in square brackets. To indicate some sound parameters, additional (diacritical) signs are used, for example, ['] a sign for the softness of a consonant sound.

Unpaired or paired?

The science of the Russian language considers the sounds [ch] and [sch] to be unpaired, and [zh] and [sh] to be paired only according to one attribute. And indeed, since there are other sounds that have a pair, they cannot be completely combined. However, there are two characteristics by which they can be combined into groups - voiced/dull and hard/soft. So, [zh] and [sh] are only hard sounds, and [h] and [sch] are soft. It doesn’t matter what vowels come after them. Even if you put a soft sign after the letter denoting a hard sibilant, the sound will be pronounced hard.

As for the division into voiceless and voiced, the first category includes [w], [h] and [sch], and the second - only [zh], since when it is pronounced, a voice is added. Thus, [zh] and [sh] are paired based on deafness/voice.

Once upon a time it was different: [f] and [w] were soft, but already from the 14th century they began to become the same as today, that is, hard.

Learning letters

In the history of Russian of the tongue [шг] and [ж'] underwent hardening, and [ч'\ was preserved as a soft consonant; hardening Sh. dates back to the 14th century: during this period, the spellings sh and z followed by the letter s appeared in monuments: live, live, Shyshkin (Spiritual Letter of Dmitry Donskoy, 1389). Modern spelling retains the traditional spelling of the letters i and ъ (at the end

nouns gender and certain forms of verbs) after w and f: sew, fat, mouse, rye, carry, don’t disturb.

Modern long Sh. s. [YAG] and [zh'] arose from

Ancient Russian combinations [sh't'sh'], [zh'd'zh'] (going back to the combinations respectively 'stj, 'skj, *sk and 'zdj, *zgj. 'zg) as a result of the loss of the explosive element in these combinations in words such as looking for - [ish't'sh'u]> >[ish'u], bream - [l'ssh't'sh'v]>[l'esh'a], yeast - [d6zh'd'zh'i\>\dr6Zh'i], rain -

\d6zh'd'zh'ik]>[d6Zh'ik]. They remain soft in many Russians. dialects and in Old Moscow. pronunciation, which formed the basis of the oral form of Lit. language (see Moscow pronunciation); in other dialects they were hardened, and

sometimes saved in the form [shch'}, [zhj'] or [sht'], [zh']. In modern rus. lit. language there is a tendency to pronounce the hard [zh\: []ezhu], [vbzhy], [v'iZhat'] or the combination [zh']

Russian alphabet transcription

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Consonants of the Russian alphabet

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Modern alphabet of the Russian language

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Phonetic characteristics

Sound [zh]:

1. Consonant.
2. Voiced paired (pair – [w]).
3. Hard unpaired (always hard).

Sound [sh]:

1. Consonant.
2. Voiceless double (pair – [f]).
3. Hard unpaired (always hard).

Sound [h']:

1. Consonant.
2. Voiceless unpaired (always voiceless).
3. Soft unpaired (always soft).

Sound [ш']:

1. Consonant.
2. Voiceless unpaired (always voiceless).
3. Soft unpaired (always soft).

Other types of consonants

There are a few more names that you need to remember to easily understand the rules.

Unpronounceable

Due to the peculiarities of pronunciation in our language, some consonants in words “fall out”: sun - [l], stairs - [t], hello - [v].

To check an unpronounceable sound, you need to choose a single-root word in which there will be a vowel after the dubious consonant or there will be no combination of several consonants. For example, we check “hello” with the word “health”, “sun” - “sunny”, “sun”.

Doubled

This is when two identical consonants are nearby. The most famous example is the double NN rule.

Words that have double consonants in the root are usually borrowed: ammonium, ton, kilogram.